Klinge Orlando Villalba-Condori Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, PERU

Francisco José García-Peñalvo Full Professor, Computer Science Department, Research Institute for Educational Sciences, University of Salamanca, GRIAL Research Group University of Salamanca, SPAIN

Jari Lavonen Professor, Director of the National Teacher Education Reform Program University of Helsinki, FINLAND

Miguel Zapata-Ros University of Murcia, SPAIN RED Editor Member of the Interuniversity Institute of International Economics

ISSN 2386-8562 Este artículo está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Debe ser citado como Villalba-Condori, K. et al (2018) What Kind of Innovations We Need in Education?. Blog RED de Hypotheses. El aprendizaje en la Sociedad del Conocimiento.  https://red.hypotheses.org/1413

We are happy to contribute this prologue to the Proceedings of the International Congress on Educational Innovation Trends, CITIE 2018. The congress has created an enthusiastic environment within which scholars may discuss educational innovations and their nature. A very positive attitude dominated the discussions, and individuals were asking: ‘Can we make things better?’ In this type of discussion, it is important that we know the challenges in our education context as well as the processes that are appropriate to follow in the transfer or implementation of these innovations to our own context.

In all countries, challenges in education have been discussed in several forums, conferences, and national-level curriculum committees. The challenges may be recognised on the basis of international comparative studies, such as OECD, PISA (OECD, 2013), and TALIS (OECD, 2014) surveys, and national-level monitoring reports. Moreover, it is important that education challenges be analysed from the society’s perspective, including changes in working life, gender gaps, and the environment (e.g., climate change). These recognised challenges may be summarised in different ways and at different levels.

The challenges may be classified, for example, at the student level, classroom level, school level, municipality level, and thus, the society level. In most countries, politicians and teachers are not happy with the level of learning outcomes and the amount of variation in those outcomes; the variation in learning outcomes between schools is namely considered an indication of inequality in the education system. Another common student-level challenge is the lack of engagement (interest) in learning and, more generally, the lack of mental well-being. The lack of students’ interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) studies and careers (Ramírez-Montoya, 2017) have been specifically considered a serious challenge for both the individual and society.

There have been discussions in many countries about the teaching and learning of 21^st-century and/or generic competencies (Ananiadou & Claro, 2009). The learning of these competencies represents a classroom-level challenge and refers to the redefinition of educational goals and ways of organising learning in a classroom in order to meet the future’s demands. These competencies have been defined in various ways (e.g., see an analysis of Voogt & Roblin, 2012). The OECD (2005) DeSeCo project analysed 21^st-century competences in the context of the future working life and recognised that individuals need to be able to use a wide range of tools, including socio-cultural (language) and digital (technological) tools, to interact effectively with the environment, to engage and interact in a heterogeneous group, to engage in inquiry-oriented working and problem solving, and, moreover, to act autonomously and take responsibility for managing their own lives. In this context, as well as in the working context, critical and creative thinking and learning are necessary for one to learn competencies. Although DeSeCo focuses on the needs of working life, its ideas may be interpreted in the context of school. By this interpretation, it is important to remember that students are novices and are still learning these competencies. Consequently, the teacher should support the students in the learning of 21^st-century competencies through active and collaborative learning processes in the diverse learning environments. Another classroom-level challenge is the support of individual learners’ and the organisation of a heterogeneous and multicultural classroom that supports the learning processes of various learners.

At the school and city levels, there exist challenges in the planning of the local curriculum or annual work plan and within the physical and digital learning environments of teams of teachers and teacher networks. In order to overcome this type of challenge, high-quality pedagogical leadership is needed to support teachers’ collaboration and professional development.

At a society level, artificial intelligence and robotization are changing working life; tasks or work responsibilities and roles disappear and change and, moreover, new tasks and roles appear about which we do not yet know. Computational thinking (CT) skills (Wing, 2006; Zapata-Ros, 2015; García-Peñalvo & Mendes, 2018) have been determined a key competency for pre-university students (Mohaghegh & McCauley, 2016; Pérez-Paredes & Zapata-Ros, 2018). However, due the fuzzy definition of CT (García-Peñalvo, Reimann, Tuul, Rees, & Jormanainen, 2016), many voices defend a most pragmatical approach based on teaching coding (DePryck, 2016), using robots (Curto & Moreno, 2016; Fernández-Llamas, Conde-González, Rodríguez-Lera, Rodríguez-Sedano, & García-Peñalvo, 2018; Reimann & Maday, 2017) or constructing things (Reimann & Maday, 2017; García-Peñalvo et al., 2018) (e.g., see the EU project TACCLE 3 – Coding outcomes, in García-Peñalvo, 2016; TACCLE 3 Consortium, 2017). Moreover, there are proposals advocating to include programming (Balanskat & Engelhardt, 2015) or computer science subjects (Velázquez-Iturbide, 2018; Velázquez-Iturbide et al., 2018) in the pre-university official curricula. The CT and/or computer science/programming introduction in schools has a significant, related challenge in these contexts: the training of kindergarten to high school pre-university teachers (Yadav, Gretter, Good, & McLean, 2017; Villalba-Condori, 2018; Villalba-Condori, Castro Cuba-Sayco, Guillen Chávez, Deco, & Bender, 2018).

Another example of a society-level challenge, which is related to changes in working life and employability (Michavila, Martínez, Martín-González, García-Peñalvo, & Cruz-Benito, 2016, 2018a, 2018b), is the number of young people who drop out from both education and the labour market. Furthermore, there is a need to continuously train adults in order to reflect the changes in working life, such as digitalisation.

In order to make progress and overcome the recognised challenges, national-level reform programs are needed. However, the designing and implementing of a national reform program are challenging processes. For example, Beach, Bagley, Eriksson, and Player-Koro (2014) recognised, based on their long-term policy analysis from Sweden, that Swedish reforms are too strongly led by governments alone: ‘governments too often become tempted to allow their ideological interests to predominate over scientific knowledge’ (p. 167). Moreover, it is common that the aims of the reform program do not consider the research outcomes in the field. OECD (Burns & Köster, 2016) have suggested that, in a national strategy context, certain characteristics are important. However, the OECD list does not include research orientation in planning and implementation, nor does it include continuous quality assurance (QA)—meaning, for example, a collection of progress data from the pilot projects and informing of the pilot projects. Moreover, collaboration and meetings that support pilot projects communicate the pilots’ outcomes to other pilots and reflect on the missing outcomes. An updated OECD list explains the requirements for making progress and overcoming the recognised challenges at the national level:

• Have enough time for planning, careful timing, and implementation;
• Engage stakeholders, such as education providers, and employ organisations participate the strategy design;
• Engage researchers to actively implement the research-based knowledge in the strategy design;
• Be in partnership with the teacher union and employment union;
• Strive for consensus in the design;
• Serve sustainable resources for the planning and implementation of the strategy;
• Plan pilot projects according to the strategy and take research-based knowledge into account while planning and implementing the pilots, learning from the pilots, modifying the strategic aims (if needed), and, moreover, using pilots to implement the strategy. Researchers should encourage pilots to participate and use sustainable resources in thereof;
• Disseminate the pilots’ outcomes.

This kind of approach for the implementation of educational reforms has many benefits in both the strategy design and implementation. The approach makes it possible for reforms to be accepted and implemented. The stakeholder engagement namely increases their ownership and assists with implementation. Also, it is essential that criteria and ideas be reflected upon and considered during the implementation of educational practices. We plan to do so for the purpose of increasing learning efficiency and the involved actors’ and institutions’ satisfaction through personalization and adaptability (Berlanga & García-Peñalvo, 2008) (Zapata-Ros, 2018), which are the most important characteristics and objectives of the learning environments and are supported by not only social and ubiquitous technologies, but also detection and recommendation.

We need a response to an indisputable fact: the use of smart technologies (Molina-Carmona & Villagrá-Arnedo, 2018) as a powerful means to adapt and include support in the delivery of help and resources in a relevant and pertinent way to the personal (Lerís & Sein-Echaluce, 2011) and group learning (Conde-González, Colomo-Palacios, García-Peñalvo, & Larrueca, 2018) situations as well as the demand of students’ knowledge and skills.

There is a need for a pedagogical model framework, instructional design, and guides that integrate students and help reach common and desirable learning outcomes. We also raise the need to analyse the necessary conditions regarding their validation. Finally, we propose the need for concrete answers to the insufficiency and resulting consequences of institutional policies that contemplate integration modalities, which may be achieved through an analysis based on experiences.

We are accustomed to literature that emphasizes the possibilities of an adaptive education as well as the possibilities for big data—combined with algorithms—to create unique and unprecedented opportunities for academic organizations to teach higher standards and innovative approaches. However, there is currently a lack of systematized pedagogical proposals.

Ultimately, we propose to enhance the following lines of development (Zapata-Ros, 2018):

• Learning and teaching strategies for a ubiquitous social and intelligent pedagogy (Fidalgo-Blanco, Sein-Echaluce, & García-Peñalvo, 2018);
• Highly technological and singular services supported by technological ecosystems (Llorens-Largo, Molina-Carmona, Compañ, & Satorre, 2014; García-Peñalvo, 2018; García-Holgado & García-Peñalvo, 2019), both for local students on campus and remote students online, to create learning ecologies within which knowledge may be created, managed, transformed, and transferred (Rubio Royo, Cranfield McKay, Nelson-Santana, Delgado Rodríguez, & Occon-Carreras, 2018);
• Configurations of innovative, adaptive classrooms and centres that facilitate easy local/remote interactions among students and teachers;
• Design and development of multimedia-enriched contents with interactive presentations, videoconferences, questionnaires, and assessments that allow instant and individualized evaluation;
• Other affordances and managed environments with technology and adaptive software;
• An ethical use of the learning and academic analytics to increase the support given to students and academic managers in regard to their learning processes and decision-making processes, respectively (Ferguson, 2012; Conde-González & Hernández-García, 2015);
• A more natural incorporation, recognition, and mixture of the informal learning processes into formal education (Griffiths & García-Peñalvo, 2016).

As we mentioned earlier, we have learned about various education innovations from several countries during the CITIE 2018. Now, our duty is to analyse how we can benefit from those innovations within our own educational context. Therefore, we should analyse our education challenges and then modify the innovation to meet our local needs according to the recognized challenges. Moreover, it is important that we find proper ways to support the transfer of innovation. In general, the transfer of educational innovation from one context to another has been considered challenging. Successful transfer requires strong collaboration and development within an open and trusting atmosphere depending on the local characteristics of the context. In the area of education, local characteristics include teachers’ pedagogical orientation, their teaching and learning beliefs, and the leadership and support available to them in school. Moreover, the educational context of the country (e.g., a curriculum, level of accountability, policy, and school inspection) influence teachers’ decisions as they consider adopting the innovation. Consequently, the transfer of an educational innovation is regarded as a complex and highly contextualized task.

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